Table 4 Series of regression models explaining/predicting ‘violence perpetration’
From: Family violence in a sample of treatment-seeking gamblers: the effect of having dependent children
Covariates from individual block sub-models | Covariate category | Any violence perpetration % For covariate category | Model 1 (“Children” covariate only) n = 164 | Model 2 (+ Socio-demographics) n = 162 | Model 3 (+ Socio-demographics + Psycho-social factors) n = 155 | Model 4 (+ Socio-demographics + Psycho-social factors + Gambling) n = 155 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |||
Children aged < 18 years usually living in household by Gender of Gambler | Male, no children (n = 65) | 30.77 | 1 (reference) | 0.01 | 1 (reference) | 0.03 | 1 (reference) | 0.26 | 1 (reference) | 0.12 |
Female, no children (n = 39) | 43.59 | 1.74 (0.76–3.96) | 1.58 (0.66–3.79) | 1.24 (0.40–3.86) | 1.35 (0.41–4.48) | |||||
Female, with children (n = 31) | 67.74 | 4.72 (1.89–11.84) | 4.20 (1.59–11.07) | 3.20 (0.99–10.39) | 4.36 (1.28–14.87) | |||||
Male, with children (n = 29) | 44.83 | 1.83 (0.74–4.50) | 2.47 (0.93–6.52) | 1.76 (0.51–6.09) | 1.77 (0.49–6.46) | |||||
Socio-demographics (block 1) | ||||||||||
Asian | No (n = 133) | 49.62 | 1 (reference) | 0.02 | 1 (reference) | 0.001 | 1 (reference) | 0.001 | ||
Yes (n = 29) | 17.24 | – | 0.28 (0.096–0.81) | 0.12 (0.03–0.42) | 0.12 (0.03–0.44) | |||||
Maori | No (n = 131) | 37.40 | 1 (reference) | 0.01 | ||||||
Yes (n = 31) | 70.97 | – | 3.30 (1.33–8.16) | (Not significant here) | (Not significant here) | |||||
Psycho-social factors (block 2) | ||||||||||
Aggression questionnaire— Anger subscale (> 3.5, <=6 vs <=3.5) | ≤ 3.5 (n = 41) | 17.07 | 1 (reference) | 0.001 | 1 (reference) | 0.002 | ||||
>3.5, ≤ 6 (n = 44) | 40.91 | – | – | 2.84 (0.81–9.96) | 2.40 (0.64–8.92) | |||||
> 6, ≤ 10 (n = 47) | 51.06 | – | – | 8.85 (2.29–34.26) | 7.54 (1.86–30.59) | |||||
> 10 (n = 32) | 68.75 | – | – | 20.50 (4.32–97.24) | 20.69 (4.11–104.01) | |||||
Difficulties in emotion regulation—Strategies | ≤ 10 (n = 46) | 28.26 | 1 (reference) | 0.002 | 1 (reference) | 0.003 | ||||
> 10, ≤ 15 (n = 38) | 60.53 | – | – | 3.76 (1.11–12.76) | 3.30 (0.93–11.70) | |||||
> 15, ≤ 22 (n = 44) | 29.55 | – | – | 0.30 (0.09–1.05) | 0.25 (0.07–0.93) | |||||
> 22 (n = 36) | 61.11 | – | – | 1.43 (0.37–5.55) | 1.28 (0.32–5.22) | |||||
Drugs issue in family/whanau in last 12 months | No (n = 137) | 37.96 | 1 (reference) | 0.02 | 1 (reference) | 0.03 | ||||
Yes (n = 23) | 69.57 | – | – | 4.53 (1.27–16.24) | 4.58 (1.20–17.44) | |||||
Interpersonal Support Evaluation List—Tangible subscale | ≥ 10, < 12 (n = 32) | 53.13 | 1 (reference) | 0.01 | 1 (reference) | 0.02 | ||||
< 7 (n = 33) | 54.55 | – | – | 0.53 (0.13–2.14) | 0.66 (0.16–2.81) | |||||
≥ 7, < 10 (n = 33) | 30.30 | – | – | 0.09 (0.02–0.40) | 0.10 (0.02–0.44) | |||||
≥ 12 (n = 63) | 38.10 | – | – | 0.33 (0.11–1.01) | 0.35 (0.11–1.11) | |||||
Gambling (block 3) | ||||||||||
Received counselling or medication for gambling in last 12 months | No (n = 127) | 36.22 | 1 (reference) | 0.03 | ||||||
Yes but not now (n = 21) | 66.67 | – | – | – | 3.81 (1.07–13.59) | |||||
Yes currently (n = 16) | 68.75 | – | – | – | 4.61 (0.92–23.10) | |||||
Adjusted R-squared | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.49 | 0.53 | ||||||