Table 2 Association between problematic Internet use and psychological distress, controlling for socio-demographic and behavioural correlates (n = 573)
Explanatory variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
OR [95% CI] | OR [95% CI] | OR [95% CI] | |
Problematic Internet use | |||
 No [ref.] | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Yes | 2.63 [1.77, 3.90] | 2.48 [1.65, 3.72] | 2.37 [1.57, 3.58] |
Age (years) | |||
 20–25 [ref.] | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 26–30 | 0.84 [0.59, 1.20] | 0.79 [0.55, 1.15] | 0.78 [0.53, 1.14] |
Sex | |||
 Female [ref.] | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Male | 1.44 [0.98, 2.12] | 1.14 [0.74, 1.74] | 0.99 [0.63, 1.55] |
Socioeconomic status | |||
 High [ref.] | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Middle | 1.60 [1.02, 2.53] | 1.59 [1.00, 2.54] | 1.62 [1.01, 2.61] |
 Low | 2.55 [1.43, 4.55] | 2.21 [1.22, 4.02] | 2.45 [1.33, 4.50] |
Relationship status | |||
 Single [ref.] | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Partnered | 1.02 [0.70, 1.50] | 1.07 [0.72, 1.60] | 1.02 [0.68, 1.54] |
 Separated | 1.24 [0.76, 2.03] | 1.16 [0.70, 1.93] | 1.07 [0.64, 1.80] |
Living arrangement | |||
 With family [ref.] | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Dorm/mess | 1.22 [0.83, 1.79] | 1.22 [0.81, 1.84] | 1.25 [0.83, 1.89] |
Smoking | |||
 No [ref.] | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Yes | 1.87 [1.23, 2.84] |  | 1.86 [1.17, 2.96] |
Physical activity | |||
 No [ref.] | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Yes | .85 [0.58, 1.20] |  | 0.84 [0.58, 1.21] |
Sleep duration | |||
 Normal sleep [ref.] | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Short sleep | 0.81 [0.55, 1.20] |  | 0.84 [0.56, 1.26] |
 Long sleep | 1.89 [0.83, 4.33] |  | 1.88 [0.79, 4.48] |